This article explores the dissemination of the concept of securitization in the context of profound transformations in the system of international relations. The goal of the article consists in identifying the interrelation between the development of the concept of securitization and the transformations in the system of global security in the 21st century. Within the framework of this study the author addresses two major objectives: to show the subjective nature of securitization constructing the core elements of security; to establish the connection between the spread of securitization and the transformation of the system of global security. The object of the study is global security, and the subject is the concept of securitization as a response to the problems of global security in the XXI century. To investigate the process of securitization the author employs the analysis of speech acts revealing international actors’ collective perceptions of global security.
Building on the research into the national security strategies of the leading world powers, it is suggested that due to the subjectivity (intersubjectivity) of the securitization process, and the significant opportunities for the manipulative influence on the audience, the spectrum of threats to global security can be constructed based on national interests of the strongest international actors. All abrupt transformations in the spectrum of threats to global security could be accounted for by the changes in the political and socio-economic context.
The article is devoted to the study of the socio-economic and political situation of the Russian Empire during the period of activity of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Chancellor Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov. The external and internal political situation is assessed, an analysis is made of the features of the historical period at the beginning of the work of A. M. Gorchakov as Minister of Foreign Affairs and to the end of his diplomatic career. The main historical events of the reign of Alexander II are considered. Readers will learn about the international situation and the balance of power, the formation of A. M. Gorchakov as a diplomat and his collaboration with Otto von Bismarck, as well as territorial changes in Europe and their causes.
Today, this study is relevant, since diplomatic success is largely ensured by knowledge of historical events, an understanding of the true origin of the identified contradictions. The rich experience of the Gorchakov Ministry, which achieved the adoption of such significant decisions for the country through diplomacy, allows us to analyze international successes and understand the strategy that led to successful results.
The paper examines the integration processes between the Post Soviet countries within the framework of the Eurasian region, which is developing and gradually becoming a new center in the emerging multipolar world. The author’s main objective consists in attempting to identify the specific features and the development trends of Eurasian integration within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The author draws the conclusion that the EAEU possesses great prospects for development, its progress being slowed down by its specifics and the problems persisting from the collapse of the USSR to the present time.
Since the end of the twentieth century, a significant number of socio-economic and production issues in the Russian Federation have been addressed within the framework of partnership between the state and business. The article presents a concise outline of the main forms of partnerships practiced in St. Petersburg. The author proceeds from the fact that considering the potential of public-private partnership and the specific features of the current situation -primarily, the need for “accelerated solution of import substitution issues”, the mechanism of public-private partnership can be an effective tool in solving a number of infrastructural problems, specifically, the design, modernization and operation of industrial infrastructure facilities, not only in St. Petersburg, but also in the Russian Federation as a whole.
The employment of systematic approach, statistical analysis of data from open sources (Rosstat, specialized agencies, digital platform “Rosinfra”, etc.), content analysis regulatory documents, analytical reports, as well as other available information, has enabled the author to conclude that there is a low interest of public authorities of the region and their business partners in the use of public-private partnership mechanisms. The paper identifies the main reasons for the low interest of partners in the use of the institution, and suggests recommendations for improving certain features of the mechanism of public-private partnership.
The article considers the problems of legal regulation and bringing to administrative responsibility of persons traveling by means of individual mobility (MIM). The author analyses the concept of MIM and its characteristics in relation to the amendments to the Road Traffic Rules, which came into force in the spring of 2023. The features of SIM distinguishing them from other types of vehicles are revealed. The author identifies the legal status of a MIM user as a participant of road traffic, as well as his/her rights and obligations. The paper looks at the judicial practice on application of Article 12.8 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses (CAO RF) in relation to MIM users. The author puts forward the suggestions concerning the improvement of the norms of the Rules of the Road Traffic and CAO RF in terms of administrative responsibility of MIM, including those in a state of intoxication.
The increasing employment of military force and the decline of the culture of dialog between states have increased the focus on non-military ways of problem solving, i. e., the use of “soft power” in international relations. The first section of the paper deals with the analysis of academic sources on the issue of utilizing higher education as a resource of “soft power” in international relations. The author presents an overview of the existing academic works on the functional essence of higher education in international relations, and provides a concise analysis of scholarly papers on the issue of using the educational sphere as the resource of “soft power” on the example of Russia. The results of empirical analysis will be highlighted in the next section of the article.
As an underlying theory of the study, the author relies on Joseph Nye’s concept of “soft power”. The author analyzes two types of sources: academic papers and the textbooks by Russian (Lebedeva M., Rustamova L., Ageeva V., Schmidt S., etc.) and foreign authors (Atkinson C., Carr E., Crowley-Vigneau A. et al., Lomer S., etc.) on the issues of “soft power” in general, and “soft power” of higher education specifically.
Two main conclusions have been drawn building on the research findings. Firstly, the major tool for the implementation of soft power in higher education is international student mobility. Secondly, the main functional essence of higher education in international relations consists in shaping and changing students’ political and ideological attitudes via the transfer of culture, ideas and values of the host country.
The paper considers the specifics of the interpretation of a public speech from German into Russian. The authors present the specific approaches to interpretating public speeches, consider the concept of public speech and its features, outline the main interpretation techniques, and highlight the challenges of interpreting public speeches. The choice of the topic could be accounted for by numerous and diverse problems faced by those interpreting public speeches. Thus, the research into the subject might be of interest and importance for both interpreters and educators. The paper also provides the detailed analysis of the interpretations of excerpts from two political speeches by former German Chancellor Angela Merkel and the comments on the interpretations.
The paper deals with some challenging issues of franchising development in Russia under the influence of modern factors on the functioning of this business model. The insufficient treatment of the issue addressed, as well as the existence of some gaps in regulating franchising relations could be confirmed by the lack of the consistent approach to the issue of differentiating the legal nature of the commercial concession (franchising) agreement with other similar contracts. This fact highlights the need for a comprehensive study and detailed regulation of the provisions of the commercial concession agreement. Building on the conducted research the author identifies some possible ways of improving civil legislation in terms of regulating franchise relations. In particular, the paper substantiates the need to introduce the mandatory provision on the pre-contractual stage, which would provide the opportunity to bring the commercial concession agreement closer to the franchising model, which has become quite common overseas.
This article aims to investigate the employment of digital technologies by organized criminals. Criminal organizations are now actively exploiting the potential of digital technology to operate anonymously, quickly, and effectively. Being aware of the way the organized crime uses these technologies is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat this growing threat. The author seeks to highlight the specific ways of employing technology by criminal organizations as well as the challenges itcreates for law enforcement agencies around the world.
This research has been done via the following techniques: a) studying the relevant criminological and criminal law academic papers on the use of digital technologies by organized criminal groups; b) analyzing the legislative acts and reviewing the publications on this topic in Russian and foreign media, featuring the actual cases of criminals using these technologies.
The author presents the study findings by drawing several key conclusions. Firstly, digital technologies serve as a catalyst for criminals to expand their influence as they utilize advances such as encrypted communication channels, shadow web platforms, and cryptocurrencies. Secondly, there are challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in combating organized criminals that uses digital technologies. Thirdly, the article emphasizes the need to introduce some regulatory measures for cryptocurrency, which is the main means of payment in criminal transactions, and the importance of international cooperation to dismantle criminal networks. Achieving the awareness of the way these technologies are used in criminal activities is important for the development of effective strategies to combat organized crime and to protect the society.
The paper considers the influence of the state on entrepreneurship. The author conducts the analysis of the state’s regulatory role and substantiates the necessity of the state regulation in the conditions of market economy. The paper analyzes the scope and the scale as well as the forms of state participation in the economy in the late XIX — early XX century and in modern Russia. The article studies the attitude of entrepreneurs to the current system of state regulation and building on statistical data formulates the attitude to the current entrepreneurial policy. The author concludes by presenting the desired format of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity.
The paper considers the possibility of relocating the state authorities from Moscow stipulated by the amendments made in 2020 to paragraph 2. of Article 70 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in terms of spatial separation of powers. The author characterizes St. Petersburg in historical and legal perspectives as the main candidate for the status of “judicial capital”. The conclusion is drawn concerning the compliance of the implementation of the provisions of the above article of the Constitution of the Russian Federation with the principle of federalism and democracy. The author focuses on the analysis of mass media materials on the period studied.
